# NAD+ References: The Cited Literature

> NAD+ references: the full cited source list — the foundational reviews, the NR and NMN human trials, and the CD38, senescence and biosynthesis studies.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources, with DOI and PubMed links.

## How to read these NAD+ references

Each entry below carries the citation, a DOI where one exists, and a PubMed link. Inline markers like [1] across the research, dosage, sirtuins, aging and FAQ pages resolve to these numbers. The set spans foundational reviews of NAD+ biology, the randomized human trials of the precursors NR and NMN, the CD38 and senescence mechanism studies, the biosynthesis-pathway literature, and the most recent critical review of human efficacy. Where a study used a precursor (NMN or NR), the entry reflects that — this digest never relabels a precursor trial as a study of NAD+ itself. The full list is the [cited references](/references) for the whole site.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, Puranik AS, Schoon RA, Reid JM, Galina A, Chini EN. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Nacarelli T, Lau L, Fukumoto T, Zundell J, Fatkhutdinov N, Wu S, Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Schultz D, Noma KI, Baur JA, Schug Z, Tang HY, Speicher DW, David G, Zhang R. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21(3):397-407. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30778219/
[7] Basse AL, Isidor MS, Winther S, Skjoldborg NB, Murholm M, Andersen ES, Pedersen SB, Wolfrum C, Quistorff B, Hansen JB. NAMPT-dependent NAD+ biosynthesis controls circadian metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(15):e2220102120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36996103/
[8] Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785480/
[9] Houtkooper RH, Cantó C, Wanders RJ, Auwerx J. The secret life of NAD+: an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):194-223. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007326/
[10] Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:686412. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34095234/
[11] Kar A, Mehrotra S, Chatterjee S. CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells. 2020;9(7):1716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709019/
[12] Aleo MF, Giudici ML, Sestini S, Danesi P, Pompucci G, Preti A. Metabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2001;80(3):360-366. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11135366/
[13] Cheng L, Deepak RNVK, Wang G, Meng Z, Tao L, Xie M, Chi W, Zhang Y, Yang M, Liao Y, Xu R, Fan H, Jiang H, Han W, Bai L, Wang Q. Hepatic mitochondrial NAD+ transporter SLC25A47 activates AMPKα mediating lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1828-1842. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36804859/
[14] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7(10):1974-1990. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[15] Chini CCS, Cordeiro HS, Tran NLK, Chini EN. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13920. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37424179/

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A multi-channel instrument reading of the NAD+ literature — the redox coenzyme on one channel, its NMN and NR precursors on another, the human-trial signal logged apart from the rapidly-cleared IV noise — calibrated to the published studies, with no clinic behind the panel and nothing here dosed, infused, prescribed, or sold.